Q: Are mechanisms such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), VPN, or certificates used?

Q: Are mechanisms such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), VPN, or certificates used?

A: Yes. Remote access uses Azure Active Directory (AAD) with modern authentication protocols (OAuth 2.0 / OpenID Connect). All logins require username and password, and Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) could be enforced. Certificates and conditional access policies (such as IP restrictions and device compliance checks) add additional layers of security and control.